In 1939 another iconic image came out on the front cover of the Picture Post (Figure 5). This is likely to be a ban by local landowners. 45. The painting was commissioned as a commemorative portrait of his pack of otter hounds by Lord Aberdeen (17841860), then foreign secretary and later to become prime minister. The image in question fronted the issue released on 22nd July 1939. And since I have never seen an otter, except behind the glass of a painted case, who am I to say that the otter does not enjoy the fun of having its belly bloodily ripped? Each image is accompanied with a caption and a paragraph explaining the scene. During the summer months its pages were sprinkled with photographs of women and girls being blooded at otter hunts. How to Get Rid of Otters? (Helpful Guide and Quick Facts) Otter hunting is a practice that dates back to the 1700s. The exposure was made all the more effective by the contradictory responses from the otter hunters involved. One of the main reasons Bates spoke out against otter hunting was that he felt that a small minority had reduced his chances of seeing the otter. The Guardian, 9th May 2010. Instead as Collinson argued, the hunting and worrying of otters while caring for their offspring proclaimed only the insensate cowardice of the men and women concerned.Footnote Mr Rose of the Eastern Counties Otter Hounds described the proposed Bill as most unfair and ridiculous and argued that otter hunting was grossly misrepresented: Long spiked poles are never used for the purposes suggested, but for assisting followers across ditches, rivers and fences. 48 women too seem frenzied with the desire to kill.Footnote Ernest Bell, The Barnstaple Cat-Worrying Case, The Animals Friend (1906), 43. Otter-Hunting, Cruel Sports, August 1939, 58. 31 . Separating fact from fiction: otters and anglers | Discover 1 46. A modest proposal for hunting sea otters | Popular Science with exception of the three spurious sports of carted-stag hunting, rabbit coursing and shooting pigeons from traps.Footnote 75. In advance of a major test in 1968, the U.S. Atomic Ene Hastings (190982) became a leading war reporter for Picture Post. [23] . Rather than focussing solely on the incident, they redirected their attention to the public's response to it. The League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sport, Annual Report (London, 1926). The League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports based itself on the radical elements of the Humanitarian League. After being chased by the crowd, the female otter took refuge in some brickwork under a bridge. The scientist built a tube that was divided by an. The Humanitarian League was dissolved in 1919, and the main organisation to campaign against otter hunting became the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports, founded in 1924. 2956Google Scholar; Although in political terms women gained full equality of suffrage in 1928,Footnote The otter is impaled on a barbed hunting spear and is about to be flung down for the hounds. 21 He saw that miserable little animal was pursued by men with large poles with spikes in their heads, men who would put on a tall hat and go to Church on Sundays, while women disgracing their sex stood by and lent their countenance and encouragement to the brutal proceedings. These kinds of demonstrations continued throughout the 1930s. This meant the League had far fewer opportunities to criticise otter hunting and by 1918 it recognised that it was the extravagance of spending vast sums of money on hunting and shooting, rather than the cruelty of blood sports, which aroused public resentment.Footnote In his view, otters were more visible than fish and therefore their lives were more valuable: the time has come when active steps should be taken to promote the preservation of the otter, a creature far more beautiful, wonderful and obvious than any fish.Footnote 63. George Greenwood, Chapter 1: The Cruelty of Sport, in Henry Salt, ed., Killing for Sport (1914), p. 6. At its centre an exhausted hunter holds an otter aloft over a pack of baying otterhounds. otter rescue plan that worked too Alongside this broad criticism, the incident was also used to expose the behaviour of sportsmen in general. Feature Flags: { At least 23 million Amazonian animals, including the otters, were hunted for their hides from 1904 to 1969. H. E. Bates, Otters and Men (1938), p. 1. 30 The Master of the Crowhurst Otter Hounds surveys a line of Country. CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see also 44 Otter In 1928, it showed a cheerful young woman glorying over being blooded at an otter-hunt (Figure 4).Footnote As to the quickness of the kill, campaigners pointed to the duration of separate hunts as evidence to the contrary. Collinson had previously led the Humanitarian League's campaign against flogging and was described by Henry Salt as a young north-countryman, self-taught, and full of native readiness and ingenuity, who at an early age had developed a passion for humanitarian journalism.Footnote Now, Dr. Estes said, more than 90 percent of those otters are gone. The Humanitarian League's reaction to this case was interesting. The History of the Eastern Counties Otter Hounds (Powys, 1988), p. 24.Google Scholar. Coulson compared the death of the fox with the death of the otter to emphasise the cruelty of the latter. 58. 30. 66. How to Get Rid of Otters in a Pond - Wildlife Animal Control Archaeological and Contemporary Evidence Indicates The sequence of events is as follows: (1) The Master of an Otter Hunt Plans His Attack; (2) The Followers are Arriving; (3) Hounds are Released from the Van; (4) The Crowhurst Pack Awaits the Signal to Move Off; (5) The Hunt Begins; (6) The Pack Moves Off to Find the Otter's Drag; (7) A Huntsman and His Pole; (8) Cutting off a Corner; (9.) The Picture Post styles otter hunting as just another peculiar pastime the notoriously crazy English enjoy in the countryside. The candid words of Reverend E. W. L. Davies in his 1886 chapter on The Otter and his Ways helped to reinforce this point: Bitch-otters yielding milk. The chairman eventually agreed to put the resolution to the meeting and it was carried with acclamation. 68 61 Throughout the 1920s and 1930s however verbal disapproval was replaced with more subtle visual rebukes. After mobilising factual evidence, graphic descriptions and controversial comparisons, Bates concludes his essay bemoaning the seeming insanity of the legal position of hunted animals. 16, Otter hunting was compared unfavourable to other types of hunting. It has many meanings and perhaps I misconstrue it? Figure 5. 03 March 2016. 34 33 Consequently everyone can watch, and most do watch, the end and people collect from far and near and watch in cold blood for minutes together the frantic death-agony of the brave little animal who has never done injury to anyone assembled. Human involvement is, rather, glorified as an imperative of command over nature, perfectly conveyed in The Otter Hunt.Footnote 82 28 64. Afterwards everyone who took part in the orgy was probably ashamed of himself. Although Coleridge's speech was welcomed with loud cheers and rapturous applause, the chairman of the committee was far from impressed by the impromptu inclusion of the subject. Alongside the overall decrease of otter hunts and otter hunters was the dramatic reduction of advertised meets and reports in the national and regional press. UKWOT has 1847Google Scholar; Syse, Karen Victoria Lykke, Otters as Symbols in the British Environmental Discourse, Landscape Research, 38 (2013), 54052CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Raymond, Graham Has data issue: false River otters love fish, frogs, crayfishes, crabs, and other aquatic invertebrate . for this article. . 72 What humbugs we are!Footnote He was a founder member in 1903 of the Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire and an opponent of big game hunting. Large hunting efforts were under way with the help of a massive ship in the water. 70. President Stephen Coleridge, his successor Lady Cory and several other members did the same. Answered: Crab Sea Slug Algae on Eelgrass | bartleby This opposition to the Bill was surprisingly effective. 50. The national profile of otter hunting was raised in July 1905 when the press reported an incident that became known as the Barnstaple cat-worrying case. Which of the following In women and children it induced behaviour that was not in keeping with certain ideas about gender and youth. The National Anti-Vivisection Society was founded by Frances Power Cobbe in 1875; the Plumage League was established in 1889 and became the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds in 1904. Drawing his facts from The Field of 8th October 1910, Collinson explained that the Eastern Counties Otter Hounds had recorded a total of twenty-two otters, the Border Counties accounted for twenty-five, and the Hawkstone finished with forty. . 51. The Monarch of the Glen: Landseer in the Highlands (Edinburgh, 2005)Google Scholar. This reversal shows that the campaigning did have an impact, albeit a small one, on the public perception of the activity. Cruel Sports magazine readily employed this strategy. 35. Members of the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports were also outraged by this murderous behaviour and equally critical of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, but they had a slightly different response to the event. The Daily Mail, for instance, received several telegrams from masters of otter hounds opposing Coleridge's criticism and justifying their sport. Coulson, Otter Worrying A Protest, The Humanitarian, August 1908, 601. WebNo hunting (except waterfowl) during removed only by the user. The latter formed a pack of Otter Hounds in Llandinam, Wales, bearing his name in 1906. When interviewed by the Oxford Times, Mrs Chapman explained We went to Islip because we thought we ought to make a special protest against otter-hunting. Griffin, Carl J. In these terms, this exceptional incident was absorbed into the broader campaign against blood sports. confined to otter hunting, they also tried to divide the hunting fraternity by distinguishing the sporting conduct of otter hunters from fox hunters, stag hunters and hare hunters: If the sporting set consider it unsporting to hunt some animals in the breeding season, why does this not apply to otters?Footnote phospholipid bilayer of a cell. He is remembered today for his monumental two-volume Comparative Study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu Languages (191921); for his natural history collections now held at Kew, the British Museum, and London Zoo; and for his identification of the okapi (Okapi johnstoni) in the Congo in 1901.Footnote 46 WebSea otters were hunted to near extinction during the maritime fur trade of the 1700s and 1800s. 58. This paper examines the arguments and methods used in different anti-otter hunting campaigns 19001939 by organisations such as the Humanitarian League, the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports and the National Association for the Abolition of Cruel Sports. He provides a typical instance from a Monthly Review (June 1906) article by J. C. Tregarthen: An otter's cub was captured and confined in the stableyard of a house near a river where the mother had been hunted during the day. In recent years, sea otters have expanded into the upper reaches of Glacier Bay including Scidmore Bay, Russell This echoed broader concerns for non-human animals. Salt, Henry, Seventy Years Among Savages (London, 1921) p. 141 Mackenzie, John M., The Empire of Nature (Manchester, 1988), p. 33 Ernest Bell, Cat Worrying, pp. This weekly magazine, first published on 1st October 1938, was a pioneering outlet for British photojournalism. The underlying motivation for these very specific criticisms is a much broader belief that all living beings feel pain and suffer. Posted on September 22, 2019. Otter hunting was a minor field sport in Britain but in the early years of the twentieth century a lively campaign to ban it was orchestrated by several individuals and Glorying over being blooded at an Otter Hunt, http://www.henrysalt.co.uk/friends/colonel-coulson. Spurious Sports Sport with an Otter, The Humanitarian, October 1906, 75. Coleridge, Bell and others argued in articles in Animals Friend magazine and The Humanitarian that this reversal was unconstitutional and illogical.Footnote See inside.. With this in mind Johnston seemed to overlook the behaviour of otter hunters and instead placed blame on anglers: Salmon is produced in such enormous abundance in North America and Norway, and is so very unlikely (owing to its habit of resorting to the sea) to become exterminated in British waters by the otter, that it would be a shame if this remarkable aquatic weasel. In The Times on 13th June 1928 Williamson was described as the finest and most intimate living interpreter of the drama of wildlife. . They were joined by English and American hunters in the latter part of the century, and uncontrolled hunting continued until 1799. Newcastle Daily Journal, 29th May 1914, cited at http://www.henrysalt.co.uk/friends/colonel-coulson. Hunting Otters with firearms was once common in the early twentieth century, but many preferred to trap them. The incident was widely reported and horrified the public. There is no danger, no risk, absolutely no excuse for this form of baiting except the insensate one of a lust for blood.Footnote For such people the laceration of an otter's living flesh is an amusing thing. This indiscriminate killing of females and cubs was shown to be by no means isolated. From The Field for 18th June 1910 came a report that: Too many bitches are killed at this time of the year (June), the dog otters making themselves very scarce. My object is only to insure that this Institution shall fulfil the great purpose for which it was founded.Footnote The Masters of Otterhounds Association was formed on 9th February 1910. Sydney Barthropp, Master of the Eastern Counties Otter Hounds, died fighting in France in 1914, which led to their disbandment soon after. Ernest Bell, The Barnstaple Cat-Worrying Case, The Animals Friend (1906), 43. } Google Scholar. 45 The following year, the Fur Seal Treaty was signed and although the Allen, Daniel, A Delightful Sport with peculiar claims: The Specificities of Otterhunting, 18501939, in Hoyle, R. W., ed., Our Hunting Fathers: Field Sports in England after 1850 (Lancaster, 2007), pp. Salt edited the two Humanitarian League journals: Humanity, later renamed The Humanitarian (18951919) and The Humane Review (19001910). Salt, Henry, Humanitarianism (London, 1891), p. 3 Hale, Matthew For almost 40 years, the otters in southeast Alaska scrapped by. What can look more ridiculous than a middle-aged woman, hurrying along, mile after mile, through wet grass and muddy pools, climbing fences and walls, her clothes sticking to her body and her hair half down her back?Footnote Demonstration at a Meet of the Bucks Otter Hounds. of compassion, love, gentleness, and universal benevolence, the Humanitarian League clearly set itself apart from other reform oriented bodies. . Otter hunters were of course proud of this fact; it was one of the many peculiarities that set it apart from other field sports. This act of individual defiance was, however, soon silenced by the laughter of the unreceptive audience. How a social lifestyle helped drive a river otter species to They were then handed leaflets. Varndell became huntsman in 1904. Demonstrations at a Meet of the Bucks Otter Hounds, Cruel Sports, June 1931, 51. 56 49. At this time the main justification for killing otters was the damage they did to fish stocks. Hounds Feather as They Search the River Banks; (10) Followers Take to the Water; (11) This Is the Kill; (12) The Whip Holds Up the Trophy. . 36, The third, by Lady Florence Dixie, took the opportunity to publicise the Humanitarian League's work on blood sports. Kean, Hilda, Animal Rights (London, 1998)Google Scholar; 76, There is a real sense that women should have had the emotional authority to know better.Footnote 2017. 32 . In Alaska, 467 sea otters were translo-cated to several locations from 1965 to 1969. 29 From the late 1890s Coulson had also launched a prolific letter writing campaign against otter hunting in local, regional and national newspapers. Justice for the Animals, Otter-Hunting, Cruel Sports, October 1929, 128. A fortnight after this event, on 13th May 1931, the second reported demonstration against otter hunting generated a rather more hostile response. What are perhaps more interesting are his reasons for wanting to preserve the otter. hasContentIssue false, Copyright Cambridge University Press 2016. The cruelty was not disputed and Bell's defence to the charge showed little remorse. Promoting the humane principles. When the Otters Vanished, Everything Else Started to Initially L. C. R. Cameron, author of Otters and Otter-Hunting (1908), was incredulous that the incident could have happened at all while F. G. Aflalo, editor of the Encyclopaedia of Sport, thought the reports demonstrated the ignorance of the critics of hunting.Footnote 66. According to Coulson those who engaged in the kill became virtually maddened by it.Footnote The photograph was taken by Felix Man, who had been an active photojournalist since 1929, had emigrated from Germany to London in 1934 and was chief photographer for Picture Post from 1938 to 1945.Footnote In the case of an organised hunt, the followers deliberately engage in a series of barbaric acts, skilfully camouflaged by all the trappings of an elaborate ritual. Swamp Otters 1823. The most important organisation calling for the protection of otters in the Edwardian period was the Humanitarian League, founded in 1891 by Henry Salt, who published his pamphlet Humanitarianism in the same year. 83. For Johnston, otter hunters were not cruel they were simply misinformed. 71. Throughout the essay he applies the term to a number of situations to discredit the idea that animals are killed for public safety, natural history, protection of farmers or sporting exercise.Footnote 3.84. But model men would find pleasure neither in torturing, nor annihilating any of them.Footnote Which of the following observations would provide the strongest Figure 2. Hunt Otters 80 Ormond, Richard But in the early 2000s, their numbers exploded: From 2002 to 2011, the sea-otter population more 63 79. It appears to be more about human behaviour than animal suffering. About Otter-Hunting, Cruel Sports, July 1928, 85. To reinforce this point Bates goes on to outline the enjoyable aspects of the sport. Oliver, Roland, Johnston, Sir Henry Hamilton (18581927), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [online]Google Scholar. 18. . A prime example was when an article appeared in the 22nd July 1905 edition of Madame, a magazine aimed at wealthy women, proudly informing readers about the first lady Master of Otter Hounds, Mrs Mildred Cheesman. AP Bio Practice Exam 1 Flashcards | Quizlet By setting this against contemporary instances he insinuates the unchanging attitudes of otter hunters over the centuries. Bobcats and otters or their pelts must be delivered to an agent of the Conservation Department for registration or tagging before selling, transferring, tanning or mounting by April 10. For campaigners, the killing of indefensible cubs and protective mothers was the antithesis of fair play, sportsmanship and manliness. 50 I do not find this in the least hard to believe.Footnote J. C. Bristow-Noble, Madame, 22nd July 1905, 171, cited in Cheesman and Cheesman, Diaries of the Crowhurst Otter Hounds, p. 43 [Actually it was Mrs Kellogg-Jenkins, Battle, who had been born in San Francisco, 1911 census]. Covering the issues which most concerned. 11:59 Exit Sea otters are native to the western coast The chapter entitled Otters and Men is important. Darts and arrows were present at the start of hunting. Smith, Virginia, Bell, Ernest (18511933), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [online]Google Scholar. Following its publication, the book received widespread publicity when Williamson was awarded the Hawthornden Prize in June 1928. Where Have All the Sea Otters Gone Reverend H. C. G. Matthew, Coleridge, Stephen William Buchanan (18541936), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004). 62 WebWhich of the following critical values should the scientist use for the chi-square analysis of the data? They were killed mostly for their fur, which was desirable His letter writing campaign against rabbit-coursing on Sundays in Surrey led to its prohibition in 1924. Recognising that such causes may be dismissed as sickly sentimentality, the League made a point of stressing that their underlying principles were not merely a product of the heart. Ormond, Richard, Sir Edwin Landseer (London, 1981), pp. He proposed that the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals should take its courage in both hands and accept his amendment: That it be an instruction from this General Meeting of Subscribers of the RSPCA to the Committee, forthwith to secure its presentation to Parliament, the object of which shall be to make otter hunting illegal..Footnote Google Scholar. Finally the author of the original article, J. C. Bristow-Noble, responded resentfully that On behalf of some of these daughters of Eve, I have now to state that it is of their opinion that the quarry, as is frequently the case, should always be allowed to escape. otters With no utilitarian reason for killing, the hunted otter was simply something killed for fun. 6. Otter-hunting is cowardly and unmanly; Otters are hunted by people who should know better; Otter hunting is a relic of barbarism; Otters are hunted in the breeding season which is despicable were just some of the truths blazoned on boards that day. The sea otter population has rebounded to nearly three thousand individuals With fox hunting, he argued, few perhaps ever see the death, and it is over almost in an instant but, owing to his strength and cat-like tenacity of life, the otter fights long and dies hard. (Cheers.) 13. [After a pause.] earlier attempts at concealment were also exposed. . 20. 4. Bates wrote a regular column, Country Life, in The Spectator, and two volumes of nature essays, Through the Woods (1936) and Down the River (1937). For many, the behaviour of these dynamic and somewhat bedraggled women, clad in sodden attire, was far from ladylike. In 1901 he also contributed a four page paper, The Otter Worry, to the League's sixty-three page pamphlet British Blood Sports: Let us go out and kill something. This was the month when the Barnstaple cat-worrying case was in the public eye. Otter 73. the quarry itself is quite a secondary consideration.Footnote 88 Nearly 280 river otters were captured in the Adirondacks and Catskills and relocated to 15 sites in central and western New York during a three-year period in the 1990s. Yet although Johnston was not directly involved, his argument brought into prominence the campaign for the otter. 14364Google Scholar; Rogers, William, Records of the Cheriton Otter Hounds (Taunton, 1925)Google Scholar. Again this article was accompanied with a striking photograph of several ladies holding banners (Figure 3). was fully aware of the power of publicity and as the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals did not oppose blood sports, this proposal was a radical move. This desire had different implications for different sorts of people. 71. Bell-Irving, David Jardine, Tally-Ho: Fifty Years of Sporting Reminiscences (Dumfries, 1920), p. 120 men and women,Footnote Varndell had mastered the Crowhurst Otter Hounds since 1905, and had missed only four days hunting in thirty-five years.Footnote Call a professional pest removal expert The war had a dramatic effect on otter hunting and campaigns against the sport, although individual hunts dealt with the hostilities in their own ways. The passage not only stresses the moral inconsistency of the public, it also underlines the hypocrisy of sportsmen. Figure 4. Staged at Colchester's North Railway Station, on this occasion members of the Colchester Working Group were the chief agitators and the Eastern Counties Otter Hounds the agitated. Sea urchins are voracious grazers of kelp. 17 He was also a member of the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports and an unwavering opponent of otter hunting. He also pointed out that Geoffrey Hill of Hawkstone had killed 544 otters between 1870 and 1884, and that William Collier of Culmstock had also accounted for 144 between 1879 and 1884. The sea otter population has rebounded to nearly three thousand individuals WebAll the otters that are in there might leave to get away from the smell. He declared that Coleridge was entirely out of order in discussing this matter now, adding that he was not speaking of the merits of the subject, but only say it is out of order now. Coleridge replied that: If at your Annual meeting such a motion as that is out of order, then I say this great Society will stultify itself if it does not hear me. 76. . He sat on the governing bodies of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, the National Canine Defence League, the Cat's Protection League, the Pit-Ponies Protection Society, and the Animals Friend Society.Footnote The fact that otter hunting was singled out suggests that Coleridge felt this particular activity was vulnerable enough to be prohibited. In addition to this justification, any suggestion of cruelty is light-heartedly dismissed: It is improbable that most of the people who go otter hunting worry much about the humanities or the natural law of the thing. By planting a seed of doubt into the minds of readers over the accuracy of hunting reports, it also implied that otter hunters could not be trusted. Men, women and children could all actively participate together in this sport. 57. By the mid-1960s, Amchitka Island was being used a site for nuclear testing, which eventually killed many sea otters in the area. This allowed broader questions to be raised by the publisher and campaigner Ernest Bell (18511933). The crucial connection, he discovered, was sea urchins. Tichelar, Michael, A blow to the men in Pink: The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Opposition to Hunting in the Twentieth Century, Rural History, 22 (2011), 89113 Now, what nonsense this is!Footnote Coulson, Otter Worrying A Protest, The Humanitarian, August 1908, 61. Ernest Bell noted in the Animals Friend journal soon after the prosecution that it was quite right that the press should express horror at such barbarity but questioned whether the deliberate worrying of otters for amusement was any less cruel or reprehensible than the worrying of cats.Footnote of the hunting fraternity. The sea otter rescue plan that worked too well - BBC Future 42. Google Scholar. The RSPCA and its Objects, The Animal World, July 1906, 154. Published online by Cambridge University Press: The idea of introducing a slaughter limit helps to explain why his case for protecting the otter did not play a part in the rhetoric of the Humanitarian League or the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports. Kean, Hilda, The Smooth Cool Men of Science: The Feminist and Socialist Response to Vivisection, History Workshop Journal (1995), 40:1, 1638 59. Sea otters were hunted to near extinction during the maritime fur trade of the 1700s and 1800s. When urchin populations spiked in response, the reefs held their ground. "During the fur trade, Clathromorphum persisted through centuries where urchins presumably abounded," Rasher said. "However, the situation has drastically changed this time around. The Hawkstone Otter Hounds disbanded in 1914, putting down most of their hounds. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. The latter is essentially a personal consideration of riverside life along the Ouse and the Nene. An anonymous informant writing in The Humanitarian in August 1908, for instance, questioned the unwomanly conduct of the ladies in the field: The conduct of the women is beyond me to describe. Sea otters were locally extinct in British Columbian waters in Canada, until a plane containing a romp of otters arrived and set off a population boom with unintended consequences.
