A) Trojan asteroids [33][71] In this model ice giantsUranus and Neptuneare failed cores that began gas accretion too late, when almost all gas had already disappeared. our solar system formed from the collapse of an interstellar cloud of gas and dust. This method has been useful in star identification, but not in planetary discovery. 38) The jovian planets As. C) Earth orbital X-ray images. C) asteroids stars, as our own planets orbit the Sun. [57] The second possibility is the core accretion model, which is also known as the nucleated instability model. D) flattens out into the ecliptic plane around the Sun's poles. The Manicouagan reservoir near Quebec is an example of [68] The accretion of gas stops when the supply from the disk is exhausted. The Oort Cloud is believed to be Planetary transits of exoplanets are rare because C) an icy body with a long tail extending from it. While the ball at the center formed the Sun, the rest of the material would form into the protoplanetary disc. An error occurred trying to load this video. The protoplanetary disk is sometimes referred to as an accretion disk, because while the young T Tauri-like protostar is still contracting, gaseous material may still be falling onto it, accreting on its surface from the disk's inner edge. While the paleontologists are still duking it out, the astronomers seemed to have figured out what caused the formation of the solar system. A) ground based optical images. The influence of giant planets in the Solar System, particularly that of Jupiter, is thought to have been limited because they are relatively remote from the terrestrial planets. B) The denser planets lie closer to the Sun. e. a few meters in diameter. C) the Oort cloud. [66] This happens gradually, due to the formation of a density gap in the protoplanetary disk and to disk dispersal. Compute the rotational speed of the output shaft. D) Kuiper Belt Objects Due to compression, the center of the nebula heats up and begins to glow. solar nebular disk model (SNDM) Archives - Universe Today Some moons have orbits that are backward (compared to their planet's rotation) or highly inclined to their planet's equator. [61] Rocky planets, which have managed to coalesce, settle eventually into more or less stable orbits, explaining why planetary systems are generally packed to the limit; or, in other words, why they always appear to be at the brink of instability. It stops when the protoplanetary disk disappears or when the end of the disk is attained. ASTR 342: Chapter 15: Origin of the Solar System and Extrasolar Planets copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. C. The jovian planets began from . d. cout << "! Density is defined as Earth's interaction with a comet's dust tail ASTR 129 Ch. 8 Flashcards | Quizlet a. true Many of the Jupiter-sized planets have eccentric orbits which may indicate that gravitational encounters occurred between the planets, although migration while in resonance can also excite eccentricities. If they form near the end of the oligarchic stage, as is thought to have happened in the Solar System, they will influence the merges of planetary embryos, making them more violent. The larger terrestrial planets have surface features that tend to be [61] As a result, the number of terrestrial planets will decrease and they will be more massive. The sun and planets formed from a single cloud that was slowly rotating. A) detecting the oxygen in their atmospheres spectroscopically. For several decades most astronomers preferred the so-called collision theory, in which the planets were considered to have been formed as a result of a close approach to the Sun by some other star. C) the jovians. In this book, almost all major problems of the planetary formation process were formulated and many were solved. D) a micrometeorite impact. The law of conservation of angular momentum. B) the jovian planets are made only of ice, and the terrestrials only of rock. In which of the four regions shown in the diagram did it form? Answer: In Nebular Theory, the Sun originated in a Nebula. d. E) receiving radio transmissions from them, much like Jupiter emits. It was during this time, from the 16th to 18th centuries, that astronomers and physicists began to formulate evidence-based explanations of how our Sun, the planets, and the Universe began. Neptune, Comet orbits all have ________ eccentricity compared to the asteroids, Most asteroid orbits lie between those of Mars and ________, A solid body from the outer solar system that arrives intact on the Earth's surface is called So, as the sun formed, the planets formed from these ingredients. As this cloud gradually contracted under the effects of gravity, it, force and concluded that the nebular hypothesis of Laplace, which stated that the planets and Sun condensed from a single gaseous cloud, was invalid. We would expect other planets beyond our own solar system to orbit the equators of their home the Frost Line). The theory was proposed by French mathematician Pierre Simon Laplace . Researchers estimate that there is more total mass in the Kuiper Belt than in the asteroid bel, Some meteorites are believed to have come from Mars and the Moon, As a rotating gas cloud contracts, it spins faster. READ: How Our Solar System Formed (article) | Khan Academy sixty degrees ahead or behind jupiter, sharing its orbit about the sun, The most distant objects in our solar system are What is the origin of the atoms of hydrogen, oxygen, and sodium in the perspiration that exits your body during an astronomy exam? c. very durable, made of iron. He proposed instead the catastrophic or tidal theory, first suggested by the American geologist Thomas C. Chamberlin. A) in the direction of the comet's motion. Which of the following statements is most likely to have been true about these first-generation star systems? Just when we think we have a satisfactory explanation, there remain those troublesome issues it just cant account for. [64] The latter number represents the average lifetime of gaseous disks around Sun-like stars. A) cometary debris. From this collapse, pockets of dust and gas began to collect into denser regions. However, it was not until the 1970s that the modern and most widely accepted variant of the nebular hypothesis the solar nebular disk model (SNDM) emerged. a. true The orbits of most comets Create your account. Any successful model for the formation of the solar system must explain why the orbits of the B. C) more icy. c. the satellite system of Jupiter. II. [61][65] If giant planets form too early, they can slow or prevent inner planet accretion. The general explanation tend to be the accretion process, where the tilt would be randomized. Name three properties of the solar nebula still seen in planetary orbits. a. a micrometeorite impact. [28] This enhances the mass of planetesimals fourfold. C) the Sun is unique, made of nothing but hydrogen and helium. (z > w) << endl; 2. Most of the extrasolar planets found so far were detected by Thus the origin of terrestrial planets is now considered to be an almost solved problem. [2] Initially it is a slow process, increasing the core masses up to 30MEarth in a few million years. According to the nebular theory of solar system formation, what key difference in their early formation explains why the jovian planets ended up so different from the terrestrial planets? He assumed that the mutual gravitational attractions of the particles caused them to start moving and colliding, at which point chemical forces kept them bonded together. According to our present theory of solar system formation, how did Earth end up with enough water to make oceans? Suppose you discover an object that is made of metal, rock, and ice. Intro to Astronomy Ch. 8 Flashcards | Quizlet While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. The planets formed by accretion from this disc, in which dust and gas gravitated together and coalesced to form ever larger bodies. large jovians orbiting solar-type stars about where our jovians are found. [20] They are thought to reside inside gaps in the disk and to be separated by rings of remaining planetesimals. the core of a differntiated asteroid, now broken up. All the planets revolve around the Sun in the same direction, except for Venus and Uranus. They were produced by stars that lived and . Astronomy Unit 5 Flashcards | Quizlet Why is the solar nebula theory considered a theory rather than a hypothesis? E) the satellite system of Jupiter. lie almost entirely beyond the orbit of Neptune. The masses of the original planets (see protoplanet) were assumed to be larger than in the earlier version of the theory, and the apparent discrepancy in angular momentum was attributed to magnetic forces connecting the Sun and planets. c. caused by the Earth passing near the orbit of an old short-period comet This explosion made waves in space which squeezed the cloud of gas & dust. In composition, the ________ planets have rocky materials like the asteroids. September 25, 2019. Proto-Sol is formed. b. N2S3\mathrm{N}_2 \mathrm{~S}_3N2S3 a ________. what does the flatness of the rotation curve shown here reveal about this galaxy? [73] The orbits of many of these planets and systems of planets differ significantly from the planets in the Solar System. [64] Hypotheses do not predict a merger stage, due to the low probability of collisions between planetary embryos in the outer part of planetary systems. After reviewing this lesson, you should have the ability to: 28 chapters | At this point, the Sun became a main-sequence star. D) the asteroid Gaspra. Why do we expect other solar systems to be common? The Solar System: Layout, Formation & Dating, Solar Nebula Theory & Patterns of Planetary Motion, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Characteristics of Our Solar System's Planets, Momentum, Energy, Pressure, Temperature & Gas, Small Celestial Bodies & Satellites in Our Solar System, The Atmosphere on Earth and Other Planets, The Solar Nebula Theory: Formation of the Solar System, Major Characteristics of Planets in the Solar System, Theoretical vs. Actual Temperature in our Solar System, NY Regents Exam - Physics: Test Prep & Practice, Praxis Chemistry: Content Knowledge (5245) Prep, College Chemistry: Homework Help Resource, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, Solar Nebular Hypothesis: Definition & Explanation, SAT Chemistry Test Strategy: Estimation & Elimination, Guessing Strategies for SAT Subject Tests, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. However, the minimum mass nebula capable of terrestrial planet formation can only form 12MEarth cores at the distance of Jupiter (5AU) within 10million years. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. Swedish philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg in 1734 proposed that the planets formed out of a nebular crust that had surrounded the Sun and then broken apart. B) the interstellar medium. Describe the processes that took place according to the solar nebula theory and specifically how it came to be that we have a star and planets rotating around that star and the orbital motion of. The exoplanets discovered include hot-Jupiters, warm-Jupiters, super-Earths, and systems of tightly packed inner planets. The ________ Belt bodies orbit beyond Neptune, but like the planets stay close to the ecliptic plane and in fairly circular orbits. Back in the 20th century, the two competing theories as to what force was responsible for the creation of the solar system were the catastrophic hypothesis and the evolutionary hypothesis. The universe is vast, and we have discovered very little of it, leading most to believe that there is still very much to be learned. most stars are too bright for us to decect a planetary transit. planets have low eccentricities. C) A comet's tail never points perpendicular to its motion. D) close to or at perihelion. The Nebular Hypothesis: What is a Solar Nebula? - Study.com Paleontologists who study the extinction of the dinosaurs seem to be split into two camps. B) the asteroid Mathilde. [65] An additional consequence is that a huge number of small planetesimals will remain, because giant planets are incapable of clearing them all out without the help of embryos. Swedish philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg in 1734 proposed that the planets formed out of a nebular crust that had surrounded the Sun and then broken apart. A) comets D) Giotto. They are smaller and composed mainly of metals and rocks. The result of this process, which lasts for 10 to 100million years, is the formation of a limited number of Earth-sized bodies. The sun and planets formed from a single cloud that was slowly rotating. Due to their great masses, all four jovian worlds are much denser than the Earth. The largest asteroid, and probably the only one to be a spherical "world" is D) In differentiated bodies, the denser materials lie near their surfaces. B) faster due to an increase in angular momentum. If the mergers happen too early runaway gas accretion may occur leading to the formation of a gas giant. Describe two ways of detecting extrasolar planets. lie beyond the orbit of neptune and close to the ecliptic, Which of these bodies are most likely to break up over time? D) a chunk of space debris orbiting the Earth. d. IF These would not be able to clear out an Earth mass atmosphere or ocean, so if Earth suffered one such impact after having volatiles delivered by late accretion/early bombardment, the Moon could result. Which is the process that cleared the solar nebula away and ended planet building? B) terrestrials with very elongated, distant orbits like comets. Solar System Planets & Age | How Old Is the Solar System? However, it has only been within the past few centuries, with the Scientific Revolution, that the predominant theories have been empirical in nature. [63] Mars and Mercury may be regarded as remaining embryos that survived that rivalry. e) should orbit perpendicular to their star's equator. B) Most stay between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. All planets lie in orbits close to the ________ plane. Learn more about the solar nebula theory and the distinction between the catastrophic theories of the solar system's formation and the more gradual, evolutionary theories. e. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto, d. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune only, All the terrestrial planets lie inside the asteroid belt. When it comes to the formation of our Solar System, the most widely accepted view is known as the Nebular Hypothesis. 21. According to the nebular theory, how did the solar system form See Answer. The terrestrial planets grow by slower accretion, and the material may have started to be cleared from the disk. CHAPTER 1: THE SOLAR SYSTEM - uh.edu In Nebular Theory, the Sun originated in a Nebula. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. A) Gaspra. How do these meteorites support the nebular theory's scenario for the formation of the terrestrial planets? Also, the study of extrasolar planets have allowed scientists to notice irregularities that cast doubt on the nebular hypothesis. Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis | astronomy | Britannica Meteor showers are caused by an interaction between a planet and debris from a comet trail. p. 233, formation and evolution of the Solar System, Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens, History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses, Formation and evolution of the Solar System, "Astronomers May Have Found the Galaxy's Youngest Planet - The Webb telescope soon will help measure the world, which may offer insights into how our own formed". What is true about solar system densities? In addition, Scottish scientist James Clerk Maxwell (1831 1879) asserted that different rotational velocities between the inner and outer parts of a ring could not allow for condensation of material. 15 II, III, IV Accretion is Ch. D) Vesta. What is the primary reason that astronomers suspect that some jovian moons were captured into their current orbits? All sorts of bodies up to protoplanets can be grown quickly and, when over the problematic size, will start to clear the disk rather than being braked by it. Support comes from observations at infrared and radio wavelengths, which have revealed disks of matter around young stars. ecliptic plane in which the planets then formed. The Solar System that we live in consists of a medium-size star (the Sun) with eight planets orbiting it. These giant clouds are gravitationally precarious, and matter combines inside them to more modest denser clumps, which at that point rotate, collapse, and form stars. [19], In addition, the giant planets probably had accretion disks of their own, in the first meaning of the word. In the solar nebular theory, the dusty disk condensing around the Sun's equator became the E) a large meteorite impact. C) sixty degrees ahead or behind Jupiter, sharing its orbit about the Sun. The shells would lead to a more frequent 2nd generation of massive stars with a lifetime of 10-100 million years or so. The ices that formed these planets were more plentiful than the metals and silicates that formed the terrestrial inner planets, allowing them to grow massive enough to capture large atmospheres of hydrogen and helium. How many carbon atoms are contained in a 0.400 mole of sucrose ( C12_{12}12H22_{22}22O11_{11}11)? Name the four principal types of solar-system debris; pair them up in terms of composition, Asteroids: Large chunks of metals and rock primarily formed between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter in the asteroid belt, Metereoroids: A meteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body in outer space. A) the direction the comet is traveling. The Trojan asteroids are found Which of the following have an icy composition? As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 C) most stars are too bright for us to detect a planetary transit. are almost circular with low eccentricities, Which of the following is not icy in composition? The Laplacian nebular model was widely accepted during the 19th century, but it had some rather pronounced difficulties. All the planets orbit the Sun in exactly the same plane as the Earth. B) caused by the Earth passing near the orbit of an Earthgrazing asteroid. [64] An additional difference is the composition of the planetesimals, which in the case of giant planets form beyond the so-called frost line and consist mainly of icethe ice to rock ratio is about 4 to 1. Chp. 12 Flashcards | Chegg.com Discovery of Billions of Earth-Like Planets May Hold the Answer", "Formation of the Galilean Satellites: Conditions of Accretion", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nebular_hypothesis&oldid=1151475103, This page was last edited on 24 April 2023, at 08:58. According to the nebular theory of solar system formation, what key difference in their early formation explains why the jovian planets ended up so different from the terrestrial planets? Star Mass & Luminosity Formula | Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram, How Orbits Are Influenced by Gravity & Energy, Terrestrial Planets | Facts & Characteristics. poster about urban heat island (geography), which of the following types of tectonic forces tend to squeeze and shorten a rock body? According to the nebular theory, a solar system begins when an interstellar cloud, containing approximately 75 percent hydrogen, 25 percent helium and traces of other elements, begins to form. The presence of giants tends to increase eccentricities and inclinations (see Kozai mechanism) of planetesimals and embryos in the terrestrial planet region (inside 4AU in the Solar System). Astronomy 101 Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, GACE Special Education Mathematics & Science (088) Prep, History 106: The Civil War and Reconstruction, SAT Subject Test Literature: Practice and Study Guide, Intro to Excel: Essential Training & Tutorials, Create an account to start this course today. D) beyond Neptune, with orbits similar to Pluto's. In the case of the Sun the resulting mass was not enough to lead to a closed star cluster as we can see circling the Milky Way, but an open star cluster where the stars would mix with other stars over the ~ 20 orbits we have done around the MW. a. orbiting around the Kuiper Belt body Hector [2] One hypothesis is that they initially accreted in the Jupiter-Saturn region, then were scattered and migrated to their present location. b. Jupiter B) Dawn. In contrast, the giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) formed beyond the point between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where material is cool enough for volatile icy compounds to remain solid (i.e. E) are in random orbits at all inclinations to the ecliptic. Here is a brief outline of the current theory of the events in the early history of the solar system: A cloud of interstellar gas and/or dust (the "solar nebula") is disturbed and collapses under its own gravity. As a rotating gas cloud contracts, it spins Astronomy-Chapter 15 Flashcards | Quizlet D) younger. By this time we would no longer have a disorganized heap of gas and dust and would have a discoid structure with a thickening in the center. A) the crust of a differentiated asteroid, now broken up. e. cout << "x + y < z: " << (x + y < z) << endl; How many of the planets orbit the Sun in the same direction that Earth does? Which of the following did not occur during the collapse of the solar nebula? [81], Solar nebular model: achievements and problems, Formation of stars and protoplanetary disks, Compare it with the particle number density of the air at the sea level, The T Tauri stars are young stars with mass less than about 2.5. According to the nebular theory of solar system formation, which law best explains why the central regions of the solar nebula got hotter as the nebula shrank in size? Originally proposed to explain the origin of the Solar System, this theory has gone on to become a widely accepted view of how all star systems came to be. A rocky body between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter is a(n) ________. Objections to the collision theory more convincing than those against the nebular hypothesis were raised, however, especially as the latter was modified in the 1940s. According to the nebular theory, stars form in massive and dense clouds of molecular hydrogen giant molecular clouds (GMC). 9) The Kuiper Belt is found where in the solar system? I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. E) with the others, between Mars and Jupiter; their red color gives them their name. If a massive companion planet or star on an inclined orbit was present an exchange of inclination for eccentricity via the Kozai mechanism raising eccentricities and lowering perihelion followed by circularization can also result in a close orbit. C) have satellite systems with less than 4 moons. B) an icy body with a long tail extending from it. [19] It starts with planetesimals that undergo runaway growth, followed by the slower oligarchic stage. [75], Super-Earths and other closely orbiting planets are thought to have either formed in situ or ex situ, that is, to have migrated inward from their initial locations. E) Eros. E) a flattened belt of cometary nuclei just beyond the orbit of Neptune. C) loses angular momentum. Our solar system was created from a dust and gas . By Robert Hazen, Ph.D. , George Mason University. Immanuel Kant, who was familiar with Swedenborgs work, developed the theory further and published it in his Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens(1755). Describe the function(s) of the placenta. Nebular hypothesis - Wikipedia The idea that the Solar System originated from a nebula was first proposed in 1734 by Swedish scientist and theologian Emanual Swedenborg. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . [20] Formation of both planets required merging of approximately 1020 embryos, while an equal number of them were thrown out of the Solar System. C) caused by the Earth passing near the orbit of an old short-period comet. C) lie beyond the orbit of Neptune, and close to the ecliptic. The ________ is the spherical outgassing as a comet nucleus is heated by the Sun. The disturbance could be, for example, the shock wave from a nearby supernova.
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